Saying good night to the mountains, the sun throws his most beautiful rays to them, that they may not forget him till the morning. ―
June 12 in history
12/06/20191381 Peasants’ Revolt: in England, rebels arrived at Blackheath.
1418 An insurrection delivered Paris to the Burgundians.
1429 Hundred Years’ War: Joan of Arc led the French army in their capture of the city and the English commander, William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk in the second day of the Battle of Jargeau.
1560 Battle of Okehazama: Oda Nobunaga defeated Imagawa Yoshimoto.
1653 First Anglo-Dutch War: the Battle of the Gabbard began.
1665 England installed a municipal government in New York City.
1758 French and Indian War: Siege of Louisbourg – James Wolfe‘s attack at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia commenced.
1775 American Revolution: British general Thomas Gage declared martial law in Massachusetts. The British offer a pardon to all colonists who lay down their arms with two exceptions: Samuel Adams and John Hancock, if captured, were to be hanged.
1776 The Virginia Declaration of Rights was adopted.
1798 Irish Rebellion of 1798: Battle of Ballynahinch.
1802 Harriet Martineau, journalist, political economist, abolitionist and feminist, was born (d. 1876).
1806 John A. Roebling, German-America civil engineer (Brooklyn Bridge), was born (d. 1869).
1819 Charles Kingsley, English writer, was born (d. 1875).
1827 Johanna Spyri, Swiss writer, was born (d. 1901).
1830 Beginning of the French colonization of Algeria: 34,000 French soldiers landed at Sidi Ferruch.
1860 The State Bank of the Russian Empire was established.
1864 American Civil War, Overland Campaign: Battle of Cold Harbor – Ulysses S. Grant gave the Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee a victory when he pulled his Union troops from their positions at Cold Harbor, Virginia and moved south.
1889 – 78 people were killed in the Armagh rail disaster.
1897 Anthony Eden, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, was born (d. 1977).
1898 Philippine Declaration of Independence: General Emilio Aguinaldo declared the Philippines’ independence from Spain.
1899 New Richmond Tornado killed 117 people and injured around 200.
1915 David Rockefeller, American banker, was born.
1922 King George V received the colours of the six Irish regiments that were to be disbanded – the Royal Irish Regiment, the Connaught Rangers, the South Irish Horse, the Prince of Wales’s Leinster Regiment, the Royal Munster Fusiliers and the Royal Dublin Fusiliers.
1924 George H. W. Bush, 41st President of the United States, was born.
1929 Anne Frank, German-born Dutch Jewish diarist and Holocaust victim, was born (d. 1945).
1935 Chaco War ended: a truce was called between Bolivia and Paraguay.
1938 Tom Oliver, Australian actor, was born.
1939 Shooting begins on Paramount Pictures’ Dr. Cyclops, the first horror film photographed in three-strip Technicolor.
1939 The Baseball Hall of Fame opened in Cooperstown, New York.
1940 World War II: 13,000 British and French troops surrendered to Major General Erwin Rommel at Saint-Valery-en-Caux.
1942 The first troops from the USA landed in Auckland.
1942 Anne Frank received a diary for her thirteenth birthday.
1943 Reg Presley, English singer/songwriter (The Troggs), was born.
1943 Germany liquidated the Jewish Ghetto in Berezhany, western Ukraine. 1,180 are lpeople were led to the city’s old Jewish graveyard and shot.
1952 Pete Farndon, English musician (The Pretenders), was born (d. 1983).
1963 Civil rights leader Medgar Evers was murdered by Ku Klux Klan member Byron De La Beckwith.
1964 Anti-apartheid activist and ANC leader Nelson Mandela was sentenced to life in prison for sabotage in South Africa.
1967 The United States Supreme Court in Loving v. Virginia declared all U.S. state laws which prohibited interracial marriage to be unconstitutional.
1967 Venera 4 was launched.
1979 Bryan Allen won the second Kremer prize for a man powered flight across the English Channel in the Gossamer Albatross.
1987 The Central African Republic‘s former Emperor Jean-Bédel Bokassa was sentenced to death for crimes he had committed during his 13-year rule.
1987 Cold War: At the Brandenburg Gate U.S. President Ronald Reagan publicly challenged Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall.
1990 Russia Day – the parliament of the Russian Federation formally declared its sovereignty.
1991 Russians elected Boris Yeltsin as the president of the republic.
1991 – Kokkadichcholai massacre: the Sri Lankan Army massacred 152 minority Tamil civilians in the village Kokkadichcholai.
1994 Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman were murdered outside her home in Los Angeles.
1996 In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a panel of federal judges blocked a law against indecency on the internet.
1997 Queen Elizabeth II reopened the Globe Theatre in London.
1999 Kosovo War: Operation Joint Guardian began when a NATO-led United Nations peacekeeping force (KFor) entered the province of Kosovo.
2000 Sandro Rosa do Nascimento took hostages while robbing Bus #174 in Rio de Janeiro.
2004 A 1.3 kilogram chondrite type meteorite struck a house in Ellerslie causing serious damage but no injuries.
2009 – A disputed presidential election in Iran leads to wide ranging protests in Iran and around the world.
2016 – 49 civilians were killed and 53 others injured in an attack on a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida. The gunman, Omar Mateen, was killed in a gunfight with police.
2017 – American student Otto Warmbier returned home in a coma after spending 17 months in a North Korean prison and died a week later.
Sourced from NZ History Online & Wikipedia
June 12 in history
12/06/20181381 Peasants’ Revolt: in England, rebels arrived at Blackheath.
1418 An insurrection delivered Paris to the Burgundians.
1429 Hundred Years’ War: Joan of Arc led the French army in their capture of the city and the English commander, William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk in the second day of the Battle of Jargeau.
1560 Battle of Okehazama: Oda Nobunaga defeated Imagawa Yoshimoto.
1653 First Anglo-Dutch War: the Battle of the Gabbard began.
1665 England installed a municipal government in New York City.
1758 French and Indian War: Siege of Louisbourg – James Wolfe‘s attack at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia commenced.
1775 American Revolution: British general Thomas Gage declared martial law in Massachusetts. The British offer a pardon to all colonists who lay down their arms with two exceptions: Samuel Adams and John Hancock, if captured, were to be hanged.
1776 The Virginia Declaration of Rights was adopted.
1798 Irish Rebellion of 1798: Battle of Ballynahinch.
1802 Harriet Martineau, journalist, political economist, abolitionist and feminist, was born (d. 1876).
1806 John A. Roebling, German-America civil engineer (Brooklyn Bridge), was born (d. 1869).
1819 Charles Kingsley, English writer, was born (d. 1875).
1827 Johanna Spyri, Swiss writer, was born (d. 1901).
1830 Beginning of the French colonization of Algeria: 34,000 French soldiers landed at Sidi Ferruch.
1860 The State Bank of the Russian Empire was established.
1864 American Civil War, Overland Campaign: Battle of Cold Harbor – Ulysses S. Grant gave the Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee a victory when he pulled his Union troops from their positions at Cold Harbor, Virginia and moved south.
1889 – 78 people were killed in the Armagh rail disaster.
1897 Anthony Eden, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, was born (d. 1977).
1898 Philippine Declaration of Independence: General Emilio Aguinaldodeclared the Philippines’ independence from Spain.
1899 New Richmond Tornado killed 117 people and injured around 200.
1915 David Rockefeller, American banker, was born.
1922 King George V received the colours of the six Irish regiments that were to be disbanded – the Royal Irish Regiment, the Connaught Rangers, the South Irish Horse, the Prince of Wales’s Leinster Regiment, the Royal Munster Fusiliers and the Royal Dublin Fusiliers.
1924 George H. W. Bush, 41st President of the United States, was born.
1929 Anne Frank, German-born Dutch Jewish diarist and Holocaust victim, was born (d. 1945).
1935 Chaco War ended: a truce was called between Bolivia and Paraguay.
1938 Tom Oliver, Australian actor, was born.
1939 Shooting begins on Paramount Pictures’ Dr. Cyclops, the first horror film photographed in three-strip Technicolor.
1939 The Baseball Hall of Fame opened in Cooperstown, New York.
1940 World War II: 13,000 British and French troops surrendered to Major General Erwin Rommel at Saint-Valery-en-Caux.
1942 The first troops from the USA landed in Auckland.
1942 Anne Frank received a diary for her thirteenth birthday.
1943 Reg Presley, English singer/songwriter (The Troggs), was born.
1943 Germany liquidated the Jewish Ghetto in Berezhany, westernUkraine. 1,180 are lpeople were led to the city’s old Jewish graveyard and shot.
1952 Pete Farndon, English musician (The Pretenders), was born (d. 1983).
1963 Civil rights leader Medgar Evers was murdered by Ku Klux Klan member Byron De La Beckwith.
1964 Anti-apartheid activist and ANC leader Nelson Mandela wassentenced to life in prison for sabotage in South Africa.
1967 The United States Supreme Court in Loving v. Virginia declared all U.S. state laws which prohibited interracial marriage to be unconstitutional.
1967 Venera 4 was launched.
1979 Bryan Allen won the second Kremer prize for a man powered flight across the English Channel in the Gossamer Albatross.
1987 The Central African Republic‘s former Emperor Jean-Bédel Bokassawas sentenced to death for crimes he had committed during his 13-year rule.
1987 Cold War: At the Brandenburg Gate U.S. President Ronald Reagan publicly challenged Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall.
1990 Russia Day – the parliament of the Russian Federation formally declared its sovereignty.
1991 Russians elected Boris Yeltsin as the president of the republic.
1991 – Kokkadichcholai massacre: the Sri Lankan Army massacred 152 minority Tamil civilians in the village Kokkadichcholai.
1994 Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman were murdered outside her home in Los Angeles.
1996 In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a panel of federal judges blocked a law against indecency on the internet.
1997 Queen Elizabeth II reopened the Globe Theatre in London.
1999 Kosovo War: Operation Joint Guardian began when a NATO-led United Nations peacekeeping force (KFor) entered the province of Kosovo.
2000 Sandro Rosa do Nascimento took hostages while robbing Bus #174 in Rio de Janeiro.
2004 A 1.3 kilogram chondrite type meteorite struck a house in Ellerslie causing serious damage but no injuries.
2009 – A disputed presidential election in Iran leads to wide ranging protests in Iran and around the world.
2016 – 49 civilians were killed and 53 others injured in an attack on a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida. The gunman, Omar Mateen, was killed in a gunfight with police.
2017 – American student Otto Warmbier returned home in a coma after spending 17 months in a North Korean prison and died a week later.
Sourced from NZ History Online & Wikipedia
June 12 in history
12/06/20171381 Peasants’ Revolt: in England, rebels arrived at Blackheath.
1418 An insurrection delivered Paris to the Burgundians.
1429 Hundred Years’ War: Joan of Arc led the French army in their capture of the city and the English commander, William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk in the second day of the Battle of Jargeau.
1560 Battle of Okehazama: Oda Nobunaga defeated Imagawa Yoshimoto.
1653 First Anglo-Dutch War: the Battle of the Gabbard began.
1665 England installed a municipal government in New York City.
1758 French and Indian War: Siege of Louisbourg – James Wolfe‘s attack at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia commenced.
1775 American Revolution: British general Thomas Gage declared martial law in Massachusetts. The British offer a pardon to all colonists who lay down their arms with two exceptions: Samuel Adams and John Hancock, if captured, were to be hanged.
1776 The Virginia Declaration of Rights was adopted.
1798 Irish Rebellion of 1798: Battle of Ballynahinch.
1802 Harriet Martineau, journalist, political economist, abolitionist and feminist, was born (d. 1876).
1806 John A. Roebling, German-America civil engineer (Brooklyn Bridge), was born (d. 1869).
1819 Charles Kingsley, English writer, was born (d. 1875).
1827 Johanna Spyri, Swiss writer, was born (d. 1901).
1830 Beginning of the French colonization of Algeria: 34,000 French soldiers landed at Sidi Ferruch.
1860 The State Bank of the Russian Empire was established.
1864 American Civil War, Overland Campaign: Battle of Cold Harbor – Ulysses S. Grant gave the Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee a victory when he pulled his Union troops from their positions at Cold Harbor, Virginia and moved south.
1889 – 78 people were killed in the Armagh rail disaster.
1897 Anthony Eden, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, was born (d. 1977).
1898 Philippine Declaration of Independence: General Emilio Aguinaldodeclared the Philippines’ independence from Spain.
1899 New Richmond Tornado killed 117 people and injured around 200.
1915 David Rockefeller, American banker, was born.
1922 King George V received the colours of the six Irish regiments that were to be disbanded – the Royal Irish Regiment, the Connaught Rangers, the South Irish Horse, the Prince of Wales’s Leinster Regiment, the Royal Munster Fusiliers and the Royal Dublin Fusiliers.
1924 George H. W. Bush, 41st President of the United States, was born.
1929 Anne Frank, German-born Dutch Jewish diarist and Holocaust victim, was born (d. 1945).
1935 Chaco War ended: a truce was called between Bolivia and Paraguay.
1938 Tom Oliver, Australian actor, was born.
1939 Shooting begins on Paramount Pictures’ Dr. Cyclops, the first horror film photographed in three-strip Technicolor.
1939 The Baseball Hall of Fame opened in Cooperstown, New York.
1940 World War II: 13,000 British and French troops surrendered to Major General Erwin Rommel at Saint-Valery-en-Caux.
1942 The first troops from the USA landed in Auckland.
1942 Anne Frank received a diary for her thirteenth birthday.
1943 Reg Presley, English singer/songwriter (The Troggs), was born.
1943 Germany liquidated the Jewish Ghetto in Berezhany, westernUkraine. 1,180 are lpeople were led to the city’s old Jewish graveyard and shot.
1952 Pete Farndon, English musician (The Pretenders), was born (d. 1983).
1963 Civil rights leader Medgar Evers was murdered by Ku Klux Klan member Byron De La Beckwith.
1964 Anti-apartheid activist and ANC leader Nelson Mandela wassentenced to life in prison for sabotage in South Africa.
1967 The United States Supreme Court in Loving v. Virginia declared all U.S. state laws which prohibited interracial marriage to be unconstitutional.
1967 Venera 4 was launched.
1979 Bryan Allen won the second Kremer prize for a man powered flight across the English Channel in the Gossamer Albatross.
1987 The Central African Republic‘s former Emperor Jean-Bédel Bokassawas sentenced to death for crimes he had committed during his 13-year rule.
1987 Cold War: At the Brandenburg Gate U.S. President Ronald Reagan publicly challenged Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall.
1990 Russia Day – the parliament of the Russian Federation formally declared its sovereignty.
1991 Russians elected Boris Yeltsin as the president of the republic.
1991 – Kokkadichcholai massacre: the Sri Lankan Army massacred 152 minority Tamil civilians in the village Kokkadichcholai.
1994 Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman were murdered outside her home in Los Angeles.
1996 In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a panel of federal judges blocked a law against indecency on the internet.
1997 Queen Elizabeth II reopened the Globe Theatre in London.
1999 Kosovo War: Operation Joint Guardian began when a NATO-led United Nations peacekeeping force (KFor) entered the province of Kosovo.
2000 Sandro Rosa do Nascimento took hostages while robbing Bus #174 in Rio de Janeiro.
2004 A 1.3 kilogram chondrite type meteorite struck a house in Ellerslie causing serious damage but no injuries.
2009 – A disputed presidential election in Iran leads to wide ranging protests in Iran and around the world.
2016 – 49 civilians were killed and 53 others injured in an attack on a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida. The gunman, Omar Mateen, was killed in a gunfight with police..
Sourced from NZ History Online & Wikipedia
June 12 in history
12/06/20161381 Peasants’ Revolt: in England, rebels arrived at Blackheath.
1418 An insurrection delivered Paris to the Burgundians.
1429 Hundred Years’ War: Joan of Arc led the French army in their capture of the city and the English commander, William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk in the second day of the Battle of Jargeau.
1560 Battle of Okehazama: Oda Nobunaga defeated Imagawa Yoshimoto.
1653 First Anglo-Dutch War: the Battle of the Gabbard began.
1665 England installed a municipal government in New York City.
1758 French and Indian War: Siege of Louisbourg – James Wolfe‘s attack at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia commenced.
1775 American Revolution: British general Thomas Gage declared martial law in Massachusetts. The British offer a pardon to all colonists who lay down their arms with two exceptions: Samuel Adams and John Hancock, if captured, were to be hanged.
1776 The Virginia Declaration of Rights was adopted.
1798 Irish Rebellion of 1798: Battle of Ballynahinch.
1802 Harriet Martineau, journalist, political economist, abolitionist and feminist, was born (d. 1876).
1806 John A. Roebling, German-America civil engineer (Brooklyn Bridge), was born (d. 1869).
1819 Charles Kingsley, English writer, was born (d. 1875).
1827 Johanna Spyri, Swiss writer, was born (d. 1901).
1830 Beginning of the French colonization of Algeria: 34,000 French soldiers landed at Sidi Ferruch.
1860 The State Bank of the Russian Empire was established.
1864 American Civil War, Overland Campaign: Battle of Cold Harbor – Ulysses S. Grant gave the Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee a victory when he pulled his Union troops from their positions at Cold Harbor, Virginia and moved south.
1889 – 78 people were killed in the Armagh rail disaster.
1897 Anthony Eden, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, was born (d. 1977).
1898 Philippine Declaration of Independence: General Emilio Aguinaldodeclared the Philippines’ independence from Spain.
1899 New Richmond Tornado killed 117 people and injured around 200.
1915 David Rockefeller, American banker, was born.
1922 King George V received the colours of the six Irish regiments that were to be disbanded – the Royal Irish Regiment, the Connaught Rangers, the South Irish Horse, the Prince of Wales’s Leinster Regiment, the Royal Munster Fusiliers and the Royal Dublin Fusiliers.
1924 George H. W. Bush, 41st President of the United States, was born.
1929 Anne Frank, German-born Dutch Jewish diarist and Holocaust victim, was born (d. 1945).
1935 Chaco War ended: a truce was called between Bolivia and Paraguay.
1938 Tom Oliver, Australian actor, was born.
1939 Shooting begins on Paramount Pictures’ Dr. Cyclops, the first horror film photographed in three-strip Technicolor.
1939 The Baseball Hall of Fame opened in Cooperstown, New York.
1940 World War II: 13,000 British and French troops surrendered to Major General Erwin Rommel at Saint-Valery-en-Caux.
1942 The first troops from the USA landed in Auckland.
1942 Anne Frank received a diary for her thirteenth birthday.
1943 Reg Presley, English singer/songwriter (The Troggs), was born.
1943 Germany liquidated the Jewish Ghetto in Berezhany, westernUkraine. 1,180 are lpeople were led to the city’s old Jewish graveyard and shot.
1952 Pete Farndon, English musician (The Pretenders), was born (d. 1983).
1963 Civil rights leader Medgar Evers was murdered by Ku Klux Klan member Byron De La Beckwith.
1964 Anti-apartheid activist and ANC leader Nelson Mandela wassentenced to life in prison for sabotage in South Africa.
1967 The United States Supreme Court in Loving v. Virginia declared all U.S. state laws which prohibited interracial marriage to be unconstitutional.
1967 Venera 4 was launched.
1979 Bryan Allen won the second Kremer prize for a man powered flight across the English Channel in the Gossamer Albatross.
1987 The Central African Republic‘s former Emperor Jean-Bédel Bokassawas sentenced to death for crimes he had committed during his 13-year rule.
1987 Cold War: At the Brandenburg Gate U.S. President Ronald Reagan publicly challenged Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall.
1990 Russia Day – the parliament of the Russian Federation formally declared its sovereignty.
1991 Russians elected Boris Yeltsin as the president of the republic.
1991 – Kokkadichcholai massacre: the Sri Lankan Army massacred 152 minority Tamil civilians in the village Kokkadichcholai.
1994 Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman were murdered outside her home in Los Angeles.
1996 In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a panel of federal judges blocked a law against indecency on the internet.
1997 Queen Elizabeth II reopened the Globe Theatre in London.
1999 Kosovo War: Operation Joint Guardian began when a NATO-led United Nations peacekeeping force (KFor) entered the province of Kosovo.
2000 Sandro Rosa do Nascimento took hostages while robbing Bus #174 in Rio de Janeiro.
2004 A 1.3 kilogram chondrite type meteorite struck a house in Ellerslie causing serious damage but no injuries.
2009 – A disputed presidential election in Iran leads to wide rangingprotests in Iran and around the world.
Sourced from NZ History Online & Wikipedia
June 12 in history
12/06/20151381 Peasants’ Revolt: in England, rebels arrived at Blackheath.
1418 An insurrection delivered Paris to the Burgundians.
1429 Hundred Years’ War: Joan of Arc led the French army in their capture of the city and the English commander, William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk in the second day of the Battle of Jargeau.
1560 Battle of Okehazama: Oda Nobunaga defeated Imagawa Yoshimoto.
1653 First Anglo-Dutch War: the Battle of the Gabbard began.
1665 England installed a municipal government in New York City.
1758 French and Indian War: Siege of Louisbourg – James Wolfe‘s attack at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia commenced.
1775 American Revolution: British general Thomas Gage declared martial law in Massachusetts. The British offer a pardon to all colonists who lay down their arms with two exceptions: Samuel Adams and John Hancock, if captured, were to be hanged.
1776 The Virginia Declaration of Rights was adopted.
1798 Irish Rebellion of 1798: Battle of Ballynahinch.
1802 Harriet Martineau, journalist, political economist, abolitionist and feminist, was born (d. 1876).
1806 John A. Roebling, German-America civil engineer (Brooklyn Bridge), was born (d. 1869).
1819 Charles Kingsley, English writer, was born (d. 1875).
1827 Johanna Spyri, Swiss writer, was born (d. 1901).
1830 Beginning of the French colonization of Algeria: 34,000 French soldiers landed at Sidi Ferruch.
1860 The State Bank of the Russian Empire was established.
1864 American Civil War, Overland Campaign: Battle of Cold Harbor – Ulysses S. Grant gave the Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee a victory when he pulled his Union troops from their positions at Cold Harbor, Virginia and moved south.
1889 – 78 people were killed in the Armagh rail disaster.
1897 Anthony Eden, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, was born (d. 1977).
1898 Philippine Declaration of Independence: General Emilio Aguinaldo declared the Philippines’ independence from Spain.
1899 New Richmond Tornado killed 117 people and injured around 200.
1915 David Rockefeller, American banker, was born.
1922 King George V received the colours of the six Irish regiments that were to be disbanded – the Royal Irish Regiment, the Connaught Rangers, the South Irish Horse, the Prince of Wales’s Leinster Regiment, the Royal Munster Fusiliers and the Royal Dublin Fusiliers.
1924 George H. W. Bush, 41st President of the United States, was born.
1929 Anne Frank, German-born Dutch Jewish diarist and Holocaust victim, was born (d. 1945).
1935 Chaco War ended: a truce was called between Bolivia and Paraguay.
1938 Tom Oliver, Australian actor, was born.
1939 Shooting begins on Paramount Pictures’ Dr. Cyclops, the first horror film photographed in three-strip Technicolor.
1939 The Baseball Hall of Fame opened in Cooperstown, New York.
1940 World War II: 13,000 British and French troops surrendered to Major General Erwin Rommel at Saint-Valery-en-Caux.
1942 The first troops from the USA landed in Auckland.
1942 Anne Frank received a diary for her thirteenth birthday.
1943 Reg Presley, English singer/songwriter (The Troggs), was born.
1943 Germany liquidated the Jewish Ghetto in Berezhany, western Ukraine. 1,180 are lpeople were led to the city’s old Jewish graveyard and shot.
1952 Pete Farndon, English musician (The Pretenders), was born (d. 1983).
1963 Civil rights leader Medgar Evers was murdered by Ku Klux Klan member Byron De La Beckwith.
1964 Anti-apartheid activist and ANC leader Nelson Mandela was sentenced to life in prison for sabotage in South Africa.
1967 The United States Supreme Court in Loving v. Virginia declared all U.S. state laws which prohibited interracial marriage to be unconstitutional.
1967 Venera 4 was launched.
1979 Bryan Allen won the second Kremer prize for a man powered flight across the English Channel in the Gossamer Albatross.
1987 The Central African Republic‘s former Emperor Jean-Bédel Bokassa was sentenced to death for crimes he had committed during his 13-year rule.
1987 Cold War: At the Brandenburg Gate U.S. President Ronald Reagan publicly challenged Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall.
1990 Russia Day – the parliament of the Russian Federation formally declared its sovereignty.
1991 Russians elected Boris Yeltsin as the president of the republic.
1991 – Kokkadichcholai massacre: the Sri Lankan Army massacred 152 minority Tamil civilians in the village Kokkadichcholai.
1994 Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman were murdered outside her home in Los Angeles.
1996 In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a panel of federal judges blocked a law against indecency on the internet.
1997 Queen Elizabeth II reopened the Globe Theatre in London.
1999 Kosovo War: Operation Joint Guardian began when a NATO-led United Nations peacekeeping force (KFor) entered the province of Kosovo.
2000 Sandro Rosa do Nascimento took hostages while robbing Bus #174 in Rio de Janeiro.
2004 A 1.3 kilogram chondrite type meteorite struck a house in Ellerslie causing serious damage but no injuries.
2009 – A disputed presidential election in Iran leads to wide ranging protests in Iran and around the world.
Sourced from NZ History Online & Wikipedia
June 12 in history
12/06/20141381 Peasants’ Revolt: in England, rebels arrived at Blackheath.
1418 An insurrection delivered Paris to the Burgundians.
1429 Hundred Years’ War: Joan of Arc led the French army in their capture of the city and the English commander, William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk in the second day of the Battle of Jargeau.
1560 Battle of Okehazama: Oda Nobunaga defeated Imagawa Yoshimoto.
1653 First Anglo-Dutch War: the Battle of the Gabbard began.
1665 England installed a municipal government in New York City.
1758 French and Indian War: Siege of Louisbourg – James Wolfe‘s attack at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia commenced.
1775 American Revolution: British general Thomas Gage declared martial law in Massachusetts. The British offer a pardon to all colonists who lay down their arms with two exceptions: Samuel Adams and John Hancock, if captured, were to be hanged.
1776 The Virginia Declaration of Rights was adopted.
1798 Irish Rebellion of 1798: Battle of Ballynahinch.
1802 Harriet Martineau, journalist, political economist, abolitionist and feminist, was born (d. 1876).
1806 John A. Roebling, German-America civil engineer (Brooklyn Bridge), was born (d. 1869).
1819 Charles Kingsley, English writer, was born (d. 1875).
1830 Beginning of the French colonization of Algeria: 34,000 French soldiers landed at Sidi Ferruch.
1860 The State Bank of the Russian Empire was established.
1864 American Civil War, Overland Campaign: Battle of Cold Harbor – Ulysses S. Grant gave the Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee a victory when he pulled his Union troops from their positions at Cold Harbor, Virginia and moved south.
1889 – 78 people were killed in the Armagh rail disaster.
1897 Anthony Eden, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, was born (d. 1977).
1898 Philippine Declaration of Independence: General Emilio Aguinaldo declared the Philippines’ independence from Spain.
1899 New Richmond Tornado killed 117 people and injured around 200.
1935 Chaco War ended: a truce was called between Bolivia and Paraguay.
1938 Tom Oliver, Australian actor, was born.
1939 Shooting begins on Paramount Pictures’ Dr. Cyclops, the first horror film photographed in three-strip Technicolor.
1939 The Baseball Hall of Fame opened in Cooperstown, New York.
1940 World War II: 13,000 British and French troops surrendered to Major General Erwin Rommel at Saint-Valery-en-Caux.
1942 The first troops from the USA landed in Auckland.
1942 Anne Frank received a diary for her thirteenth birthday.
1943 Reg Presley, English singer/songwriter (The Troggs), was born.
1943 Germany liquidated the Jewish Ghetto in Berezhany, western Ukraine. 1,180 are lpeople were led to the city’s old Jewish graveyard and shot.
1952 Pete Farndon, English musician (The Pretenders), was born (d. 1983).
1963 Civil rights leader Medgar Evers was murdered by Ku Klux Klan member Byron De La Beckwith.
1964 Anti-apartheid activist and ANC leader Nelson Mandela was sentenced to life in prison for sabotage in South Africa.
1967 The United States Supreme Court in Loving v. Virginia declared all U.S. state laws which prohibited interracial marriage to be unconstitutional.
1967 Venera 4 was launched.
1979 Bryan Allen won the second Kremer prize for a man powered flight across the English Channel in the Gossamer Albatross.
1987 The Central African Republic‘s former Emperor Jean-Bédel Bokassa was sentenced to death for crimes he had committed during his 13-year rule.
1987 Cold War: At the Brandenburg Gate U.S. President Ronald Reagan publicly challenged Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall.
1990 Russia Day – the parliament of the Russian Federation formally declared its sovereignty.
1991 Russians elected Boris Yeltsin as the president of the republic.
1991 – Kokkadichcholai massacre: the Sri Lankan Army massacred 152 minority Tamil civilians in the village Kokkadichcholai.
1994 Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman were murdered outside her home in Los Angeles.
1996 In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a panel of federal judges blocked a law against indecency on the internet.
1997 Queen Elizabeth II reopened the Globe Theatre in London.
1999 Kosovo War: Operation Joint Guardian began when a NATO-led United Nations peacekeeping force (KFor) entered the province of Kosovo.
2000 Sandro Rosa do Nascimento took hostages while robbing Bus #174 in Rio de Janeiro.
2004 A 1.3 kilogram chondrite type meteorite struck a house in Ellerslie causing serious damage but no injuries.
2009 – A disputed presidential election in Iran leads to wide ranging protests in Iran and around the world.
Sourced from NZ History Online & Wikipedia
June 12 in history
12/06/20131381 Peasants’ Revolt: in England, rebels arrived at Blackheath.
1418 An insurrection delivered Paris to the Burgundians.
1429 Hundred Years’ War: Joan of Arc led the French army in their capture of the city and the English commander, William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk in the second day of the Battle of Jargeau.
1560 Battle of Okehazama: Oda Nobunaga defeated Imagawa Yoshimoto.
1653 First Anglo-Dutch War: the Battle of the Gabbard began.
1665 England installed a municipal government in New York City.
1758 French and Indian War: Siege of Louisbourg – James Wolfe‘s attack at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia commenced.
1775 American Revolution: British general Thomas Gage declared martial law in Massachusetts. The British offer a pardon to all colonists who lay down their arms with two exceptions: Samuel Adams and John Hancock, if captured, were to be hanged.
1776 The Virginia Declaration of Rights was adopted.
1798 Irish Rebellion of 1798: Battle of Ballynahinch.
1802 Harriet Martineau, journalist, political economist, abolitionist and feminist, was born (d. 1876).
1806 John A. Roebling, German-America civil engineer (Brooklyn Bridge), was born (d. 1869).
1819 Charles Kingsley, English writer, was born (d. 1875).
1830 Beginning of the French colonization of Algeria: 34,000 French soldiers landed at Sidi Ferruch.
1860 The State Bank of the Russian Empire was established.
1864 American Civil War, Overland Campaign: Battle of Cold Harbor – Ulysses S. Grant gave the Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee a victory when he pulled his Union troops from their positions at Cold Harbor, Virginia and moved south.
1889 – 78 people were killed in the Armagh rail disaster.
1897 Anthony Eden, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, was born (d. 1977).
1898 Philippine Declaration of Independence: General Emilio Aguinaldo declared the Philippines’ independence from Spain.
1899 New Richmond Tornado killed 117 people and injured around 200.
1935 Chaco War ended: a truce was called between Bolivia and Paraguay.
1938 Tom Oliver, Australian actor, was born.
1939 Shooting begins on Paramount Pictures’ Dr. Cyclops, the first horror film photographed in three-strip Technicolor.
1939 The Baseball Hall of Fame opened in Cooperstown, New York.
1940 World War II: 13,000 British and French troops surrendered to Major General Erwin Rommel at Saint-Valery-en-Caux.
1942 The first troops from the USA landed in Auckland.
1942 Anne Frank received a diary for her thirteenth birthday.
1943 Reg Presley, English singer/songwriter (The Troggs), was born.
1943 Germany liquidated the Jewish Ghetto in Berezhany, western Ukraine. 1,180 are lpeople were led to the city’s old Jewish graveyard and shot.
1952 Pete Farndon, English musician (The Pretenders), was born (d. 1983).
1963 Civil rights leader Medgar Evers was murdered by Ku Klux Klan member Byron De La Beckwith.
1964 Anti-apartheid activist and ANC leader Nelson Mandela was sentenced to life in prison for sabotage in South Africa.
1967 The United States Supreme Court in Loving v. Virginia declared all U.S. state laws which prohibited interracial marriage to be unconstitutional.
1967 Venera 4 was launched.
1979 Bryan Allen won the second Kremer prize for a man powered flight across the English Channel in the Gossamer Albatross.
1987 The Central African Republic‘s former Emperor Jean-Bédel Bokassa was sentenced to death for crimes he had committed during his 13-year rule.
1987 Cold War: At the Brandenburg Gate U.S. President Ronald Reagan publicly challenged Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall.
1990 Russia Day – the parliament of the Russian Federation formally declared its sovereignty.
1991 Russians elected Boris Yeltsin as the president of the republic.
1991 – Kokkadichcholai massacre: the Sri Lankan Army massacred 152 minority Tamil civilians in the village Kokkadichcholai.
1994 Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman were murdered outside her home in Los Angeles.
1996 In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a panel of federal judges blocked a law against indecency on the internet.
1997 Queen Elizabeth II reopened the Globe Theatre in London.
1999 Kosovo War: Operation Joint Guardian began when a NATO-led United Nations peacekeeping force (KFor) entered the province of Kosovo.
2000 Sandro Rosa do Nascimento took hostages while robbing Bus #174 in Rio de Janeiro.
2004 A 1.3 kilogram chondrite type meteorite struck a house in Ellerslie causing serious damage but no injuries.
2009 – A disputed presidential election in Iran leads to wide ranging protests in Iran and around the world.
Sourced from NZ History Online & Wikipedia
June 12 in history
12/06/20121381 Peasants’ Revolt: in England, rebels arrived at Blackheath.
1418 An insurrection delivered Paris to the Burgundians.
1429 Hundred Years’ War: Joan of Arc led the French army in their capture of the city and the English commander, William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk in the second day of the Battle of Jargeau.
1560 Battle of Okehazama: Oda Nobunaga defeated Imagawa Yoshimoto.
1653 First Anglo-Dutch War: the Battle of the Gabbard began.
1665 England installed a municipal government in New York City.
1758 French and Indian War: Siege of Louisbourg – James Wolfe‘s attack at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia commenced.
1775 American Revolution: British general Thomas Gage declared martial law in Massachusetts. The British offer a pardon to all colonists who lay down their arms with two exceptions: Samuel Adams and John Hancock, if captured, were to be hanged.
1776 The Virginia Declaration of Rights was adopted.
1798 Irish Rebellion of 1798: Battle of Ballynahinch.
1802 Harriet Martineau, journalist, political economist, abolitionist and feminist, was born (d. 1876).
1806 John A. Roebling, German-America civil engineer (Brooklyn Bridge), was born (d. 1869).
1819 Charles Kingsley, English writer, was born (d. 1875).
1830 Beginning of the French colonization of Algeria: 34,000 French soldiers landed at Sidi Ferruch.
1860 The State Bank of the Russian Empire was established.
1864 American Civil War, Overland Campaign: Battle of Cold Harbor – Ulysses S. Grant gave the Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee a victory when he pulled his Union troops from their positions at Cold Harbor, Virginia and moved south.
1889 – 78 people were killed in the Armagh rail disaster.
1897 Anthony Eden, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, was born (d. 1977).
1898 Philippine Declaration of Independence: General Emilio Aguinaldo declared the Philippines’ independence from Spain.
1899 New Richmond Tornado killed 117 people and injured around 200.
1935 Chaco War ended: a truce was called between Bolivia and Paraguay.
1938 Tom Oliver, Australian actor, was born.
1939 Shooting begins on Paramount Pictures’ Dr. Cyclops, the first horror film photographed in three-strip Technicolor.
1939 The Baseball Hall of Fame opened in Cooperstown, New York.
1940 World War II: 13,000 British and French troops surrendered to Major General Erwin Rommel at Saint-Valery-en-Caux.
1942 The first troops from the USA landed in Auckland.
1942 Anne Frank received a diary for her thirteenth birthday.
1943 Reg Presley, English singer/songwriter (The Troggs), was born.
1943 Germany liquidated the Jewish Ghetto in Berezhany, western Ukraine. 1,180 are lpeople were led to the city’s old Jewish graveyard and shot.
1952 Pete Farndon, English musician (The Pretenders), was born (d. 1983).
1963 Civil rights leader Medgar Evers was murdered by Ku Klux Klan member Byron De La Beckwith.
1964 Anti-apartheid activist and ANC leader Nelson Mandela was sentenced to life in prison for sabotage in South Africa.
1967 The United States Supreme Court in Loving v. Virginia declared all U.S. state laws which prohibited interracial marriage to be unconstitutional.
1967 Venera 4 was launched.
1979 Bryan Allen won the second Kremer prize for a man powered flight across the English Channel in the Gossamer Albatross.
1987 The Central African Republic‘s former Emperor Jean-Bédel Bokassa was sentenced to death for crimes he had committed during his 13-year rule.
1987 Cold War: At the Brandenburg Gate U.S. President Ronald Reagan publicly challenged Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall.
1990 Russia Day – the parliament of the Russian Federation formally declared its sovereignty.
1991 Russians elected Boris Yeltsin as the president of the republic.
1991 – Kokkadichcholai massacre: the Sri Lankan Army massacred 152 minority Tamil civilians in the village Kokkadichcholai.
1994 Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman were murdered outside her home in Los Angeles.
1996 In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a panel of federal judges blocked a law against indecency on the internet.
1997 Queen Elizabeth II reopened the Globe Theatre in London.
1999 Kosovo War: Operation Joint Guardian began when a NATO-led United Nations peacekeeping force (KFor) entered the province of Kosovo.
2000 Sandro Rosa do Nascimento took hostages while robbing Bus #174 in Rio de Janeiro.
2004 A 1.3 kilogram chondrite type meteorite struck a house in Ellerslie causing serious damage but no injuries.
Sourced from NZ History Online & Wikipedia
June 12 in history
12/06/20111381 Peasants’ Revolt: in England, rebels arrived at Blackheath.
1418 An insurrection delivered Paris to the Burgundians.
1429 Hundred Years’ War: Joan of Arc led the French army in their capture of the city and the English commander, William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk in the second day of the Battle of Jargeau.
1560 Battle of Okehazama: Oda Nobunaga defeated Imagawa Yoshimoto.
1653 First Anglo-Dutch War: the Battle of the Gabbard began.
1665 England installed a municipal government in New York City.
1758 French and Indian War: Siege of Louisbourg – James Wolfe‘s attack at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia commenced.
1775 American Revolution: British general Thomas Gage declared martial law in Massachusetts. The British offer a pardon to all colonists who lay down their arms with two exceptions: Samuel Adams and John Hancock, if captured, were to be hanged.
1776 The Virginia Declaration of Rights was adopted.
1798 Irish Rebellion of 1798: Battle of Ballynahinch.
1802 Harriet Martineau, controversial journalist, political economist, abolitionist and feminist, was born (d. 1876).
1806 John A. Roebling, German-America civil engineer (Brooklyn Bridge), was born (d. 1869).
1819 Charles Kingsley, English writer, was born (d. 1875).
1830 Beginning of the French colonization of Algeria: 34,000 French soldiers landed at Sidi Ferruch.
1860 The State Bank of the Russian Empire was established.
1864 American Civil War, Overland Campaign: Battle of Cold Harbor – Ulysses S. Grant gave the Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee a victory when he pulled his Union troops from their positions at Cold Harbor, Virginia and moves south.
1889 78 people were killed in the Armagh rail disaster.
1897 Anthony Eden, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, was born (d. 1977).
1898 Philippine Declaration of Independence: General Emilio Aguinaldo declared the Philippines’ independence from Spain.
1899 New Richmond Tornado killed 117 people and injured around 200.
1935 Chaco War ended: a truce was called between Bolivia and Paraguay.
1938 Tom Oliver, Australian actor, was born.
1939 Shooting begins on Paramount Pictures’ Dr. Cyclops, the first horror film photographed in three-strip Technicolor.
1939 The Baseball Hall of Fame opened in Cooperstown, New York.
1940 World War II: 13,000 British and French troops surrendered to Major General Erwin Rommel at Saint-Valery-en-Caux.
1942 The first troops from the USA landed in Auckland.
1942 Anne Frank received a diary for her thirteenth birthday.
1943 Reg Presley, English singer/songwriter (The Troggs), was born.
1943 Germany liquidated the Jewish Ghetto in Berezhany, western Ukraine. 1,180 are lpeople were led to the city’s old Jewish graveyard and shot.
1952 Pete Farndon, English musician (The Pretenders), was born (d. 1983).
1963 Civil rights leader Medgar Evers was murdered by Ku Klux Klan member Byron De La Beckwith.
1964 Anti-apartheid activist and ANC leader Nelson Mandela was sentenced to life in prison for sabotage in South Africa.
1967 The United States Supreme Court in Loving v. Virginia declared all U.S. state laws which prohibited interracial marriage to be unconstitutional.
1967 Venera 4 was launched.
1979 Bryan Allen won the second Kremer prize for a man powered flight across the English Channel in the Gossamer Albatross.
1987 The Central African Republic‘s former Emperor Jean-Bédel Bokassa was sentenced to death for crimes he had committed during his 13-year rule.
1987 Cold War: At the Brandenburg Gate U.S. President Ronald Reagan publicly challenged Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall.
1990 Russia Day – the parliament of the Russian Federation formally declared its sovereignty.
1991 Russians elected Boris Yeltsin as the president of the republic.
1991 – Kokkadichcholai massacre: the Sri Lankan Army massacred 152 minority Tamil civilians in the village Kokkadichcholai.
1994 Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman were murdered outside her home in Los Angeles.
1996 In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a panel of federal judges blocked a law against indecency on the internet.
1997 Queen Elizabeth II reopened the Globe Theatre in London.
1999 Kosovo War: Operation Joint Guardian began when a NATO-led United Nations peacekeeping force (KFor) entered the province of Kosovo.
2000 Sandro Rosa do Nascimento took hostages while robbing Bus #174 in Rio de Janeiro.
2004 A 1.3 kilogram chondrite type meteorite struck a house in Ellerslie causing serious damage but no injuries.
Sourced from NZ History Online & Wikipedia
June 12 in history
12/06/2010On June 12:
1381 Peasants’ Revolt: in England, rebels arrived at Blackheath.
1418 An insurrection delivered Paris to the Burgundians.
1429 Hundred Years’ War: Joan of Arc led the French army in their capture of the city and the English commander, William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk in the second day of the Battle of Jargeau.
1560 Battle of Okehazama: Oda Nobunaga defeated Imagawa Yoshimoto.
1653 First Anglo-Dutch War: the Battle of the Gabbard began.
1665 England installed a municipal government in New York City.
1758 French and Indian War: Siege of Louisbourg – James Wolfe‘s attack at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia commenced.
1775 American Revolution: British general Thomas Gage declared martial law in Massachusetts. The British offer a pardon to all colonists who lay down their arms with two exceptions: Samuel Adams and John Hancock, if captured, were to be hanged.
1776 The Virginia Declaration of Rights was adopted.
1798 Irish Rebellion of 1798: Battle of Ballynahinch.
1802 Harriet Martineau, controversial journalist, political economist, abolitionist and life-long feminist, was born (d. 1876).
1806 John A. Roebling, German-America civil engineer (Brooklyn Bridge), was born (d. 1869).
1819 Charles Kingsley, English writer, was born (d. 1875).
1830 Beginning of the French colonization of Algeria: 34,000 French soldiers landed at Sidi Ferruch.
1860 The State Bank of the Russian Empire was established.
1864 American Civil War, Overland Campaign: Battle of Cold Harbor – Ulysses S. Grant gave the Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee a victory when he pulled his Union troops from their positions at Cold Harbor, Virginia and moves south.
1889 78 people were killed in the Armagh rail disaster.
1897 Anthony Eden, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, was born (d. 1977).
1898 Philippine Declaration of Independence: General Emilio Aguinaldo declared the Philippines’ independence from Spain.
1899 New Richmond Tornado killed 117 people and injured around 200.
1935 Chaco War ended: a truce was called between Bolivia and Paraguay.
1938 Tom Oliver, Australian actor, was born.
1939 Shooting begins on Paramount Pictures’ Dr. Cyclops, the first horror film photographed in three-strip Technicolor.
1939 The Baseball Hall of Fame opened in Cooperstown, New York.
1940 World War II: 13,000 British and French troops surrendered to Major General Erwin Rommel at Saint-Valery-en-Caux.
1942 The first troops from the USA landed in Auckland.
1942 Anne Frank received a diary for her thirteenth birthday.
1943 Reg Presley, English singer/songwriter (The Troggs), was born.
1943 Germany liquidated the Jewish Ghetto in Berezhany, western Ukraine. 1,180 are lpeople were led to the city’s old Jewish graveyard and shot.
1952 Pete Farndon, English musician (The Pretenders), was born (d. 1983).
1963 Civil rights leader Medgar Evers was murdered by Ku Klux Klan member Byron De La Beckwith.
1964 Anti-apartheid activist and ANC leader Nelson Mandela was sentenced to life in prison for sabotage in South Africa.
1967 The United States Supreme Court in Loving v. Virginia declared all U.S. state laws which prohibited interracial marriage to be unconstitutional.
1967 Venera 4 was launched.
1979 Bryan Allen won the second Kremer prize for a man powered flight across the English Channel in the Gossamer Albatross.
1987 The Central African Republic‘s former Emperor Jean-Bédel Bokassa was sentenced to death for crimes he had committed during his 13-year rule.
1987 Cold War: At the Brandenburg Gate U.S. President Ronald Reagan publicly challenged Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall.
1990 Russia Day – the parliament of the Russian Federation formally declared its sovereignty.
1991 Russians elected Boris Yeltsin as the president of the republic.
1991 1991 Kokkadichcholai massacre: the Sri Lankan Army massacred 152 minority Tamil civilians in the village Kokkadichcholai.
1994 Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman were murdered outside her home in Los Angeles.
1996 In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a panel of federal judges blocked a law against indecency on the internet.
1997 Queen Elizabeth II reopened the Globe Theatre in London.
1999 Kosovo War: Operation Joint Guardian began when a NATO-led United Nations peacekeeping force (KFor) entered the province of Kosovo.
2000 Sandro Rosa do Nascimento took hostages while robbing Bus #174 in Rio de Janeiro.
2004 A 1.3 kilogram chondrite type meteorite struck a house in Ellerslie causing serious damage but no injuries.
Sourced from NZ History Online & Wikipedia
June 12 in history
12/06/2009On June 12:
In 1887 Johanna Spyri, the author of Heidi, was born.
In 1929 Anne Frank was born.
In 1964 Nelson Mandela was sentenced to live in prison.